Ultimate Guide to Optical Splitters for FTTH & GPON
The optical splitter simply distributes optical power and does not amplify, regenerate, or alter the signal wavelengths.
Does the optical splitter have high attenuation
The optical splitter with the greatest attenuation is typically a high-ratio PLC (Planar Lightwave Circuit) splitter, such as a 1:64 or 1:128 splitter, due to the cumulative insertion loss from dividing the signal among many outputs.
Split Ratio and Attenuation
The split ratio directly affects attenuation: the more outputs a splitter has, the greater the signal loss per output. For example:
- A 1:2 splitter introduces roughly 3 dB of insertion loss.
- A 1:32 splitter adds about 15 dB of loss.
- A 1:64 splitter can reach 18 dB of insertion loss . Higher split ratios reduce the optical power available to each output, limiting the maximum transmission distance and requiring careful network planning.
Splitter Technologies
There are two main types of optical splitters:
- FBT (Fused Biconical Taper) Splitters
- Common for smaller splits (1:2, 1:4, 1:8).
- Insertion loss increases with split ratio but is generally lower for small splits.
- Sensitive to temperature changes, which can slightly affect attenuation .
- PLC (Planar Lightwave Circuit) Splitters
- Suitable for larger splits (1:16, 1:32, 1:64, 1:128).
- Provide uniform and predictable splitting with minimal wavelength dependence.
- Higher split ratios result in the greatest attenuation, making PLC splitters the choice for large-scale PON deployments .
Practical Implications
- Network Design: Using a 1:64 or 1:128 PLC splitter requires accounting for high insertion loss, often necessitating optical amplifiers or shorter fiber runs.
- Bandwidth Distribution: Higher split ratios reduce per-user bandwidth, so ISPs balance split ratio with service requirements.
- Distance Limitations: Excessive attenuation from high-ratio splitters limits the feasible distance between the OLT and ONTs . In summary, high-ratio PLC splitters (1:64, 1:128) exhibit the greatest attenuation due to the combination of splitting many outputs and inherent insertion loss, whereas FBT splitters are more suitable for low-ratio splits with lower attenuation.
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